The Surrogacy Optn: A General Overview for Gay Coupl

Contents:

• SURROGACY FOR GAY UPL
• GAY SURROGACY COSTS FOR LGBTQ PARENTS
• THE SURROGACY OPTN: A GENERAL OVERVIEW FOR GAY COUPL
• SURROGACY FOR GAY PARENTS, COUNTRY BY COUNTRY
• TAG: MERCIAL SURROGACY FOR GAY MALE UPL
• A LIMED MARKET: THE RECMENT OF GAY MEN AS SURROGACY CLIENTS BY THE FERTILY DTRY THE USA
• CALIFORNIA MOV TO PROVI SURROGAT TO GAY MALE UPL THE NAME OF 'FERTILY EQUALY'
• HOW DO SURROGACY WORK FOR GAY COUPL?
• GAY SURROGACY- 7 TIPS FOR GAY COUPL SURROGACY
• GAY SURROGACY COST EXPLAED WH BREAKDOWNS

SURROGACY FOR GAY UPL

Surrogacy mak possible for gay upl to fulfill their parentg dreams and expand their fai; however, while sexual orientatn should not have any impact on the surrogacy experience, same-sex upl should keep md the addnal factors such as a state’s regulatory amework, egg donor selectn, and other issu before proceedg. It’s val that you nsult wh a lawyer who specializ surrogacy for LGBTQIA+ upl and Rights and SurrogacyAlthough surrogacy for heterosexual tend parents and same-sex tend parents is largely siar, there are a few factors that make 's important to unrstand your rights as parents, and what the surrogacy laws are your state or untry, and the state which your surrogate Surrogacy is experienced providg legal guidance for gay and trans parents.

Our founrs worked to overe hurdl and unique challeng faced by gay tend fathers—om navigatg and changg legal systems that were signed to acmodate only “mom and dad” to tg doctors and other profsnals about gay parentg. We were there every step of the way, tg and recg surrogat and egg donors exced to help gay men to bee dads, helpg our tend dads to talk to their kids and their support works about surrogacy, and even creatg solutns for HIV posive men to bee blogil fathers via surrogacy. The surrogacy market the USA plays an important role for gay men wh the fancial rourc to accs the servic, as is currently the only stable, mercial market which there are legal protectns for openly gay men.

Keywords: surrogacy, same-sex parentg, gay fathers, assisted reproductnIntroductnGtatnal surrogacy via egg donatn US-based fertily clics is unrstood to be an creasgly popular route to planned fatherhood for gay men able to afford the servic (Berkowz and Marsigl, 2007, Dempsey, 2013, Greenfeld, 2007). Wh gtatnal surrogacy, a gay male uple is able to arrange for the creatn of a child as a uple, wh the boundari of their relatnship, allowg for geic fatherhood for at least one of the men and an tentnal fatherhood for both men.

GAY SURROGACY COSTS FOR LGBTQ PARENTS

As such, geic parenthood offers a safety of legal protectns, which might be particularly signifint for gay men for whom legally regnized stat as (gay) parents has been historilly tenuo (Park et al., 2016). As Charis Thompson (2005: 274) not, ‘ARTs have a huge potential to tolerate multiple fay forms and to ntribute to the mise of reproductive and kship discrimatn agast sgle, gay, and lbian would-be parents’. There is a small, rich, qualative and ethnographic lerature on the lived experience of ntemporary gtatnal surrogacy (Berend, 2016, Jabson, 2016), and specifilly on gay men and surrogacy (Bergman et al., 2010, Berkowz, 2012, Berkowz and Marsigl, 2007, Blake et al., 2016, Blake et al., 2017, Dempsey, 2013, Goodfellow, 2015, Lew, 2009, Mchell and Green, 2007, Murphy, 2013, Smietana, 2017, Tuazon-McCheyne, 2010).

Those faiar wh this lerature and/or the anizatn of surrogacy the USA might have an unrstandg of some men's experienc accsg surrogacy servic and/or know of certa clics and surrogacy agenci that ter to gay men.

There is a arth of natnal data on gay men as surrogacy clients the USA; one oute of an absence of natnal mographic data on surrogacy (which is not ferally regulated or tracked by any feral agenci or anizatns).

THE SURROGACY OPTN: A GENERAL OVERVIEW FOR GAY COUPL

In this paper, I exame the ntemporary fertily dtry the USA orr to vtigate how the market may be enuragg (or disuragg) gay men as surrogacy nsumers via an vtigatn of client recment for gay men across fertily clics and surrogacy agenci the USA. I provi empiril evince for this niche market, and speculate that has the potential to lead to untend nsequenc for gay fay landspe of surrogacy for gay menMy cursy about the fertily dtry's recment of gay men as clients was sparked by a ment ma to me by a nurse at a small clic as I was llectg ethnographic data for a larger rearch project on embryo fate.

SURROGACY FOR GAY PARENTS, COUNTRY BY COUNTRY

As I tail my book, Labor of Love: Gtatnal Surrogacy and the Work of Makg Babi (Jabson, 2016: 91), there are surrogat the USA who prefer to match wh gay men orr to avoid workg wh tend mothers, who, they told me, might have lgerg feelgs of loss due to fertily. There are clicians too who told me they prefer not to provi servic for gay men, while others have shown me their robt practic which they directly urt members of the gay muny as experienc llectg ethnographic data the fertily service field drew me to nsir the way which gay men's e of surrogacy the USA may be facilated by certa practners and limed by others, and to seek empiril natnal data on client recment. The USA is not only the epicentre of surrogacy general, is currently the only stable, global, mercial, gtatnal surrogacy market which there are legal protectns for openly gay men (Smietana, 2017).

Sgle or gay partnered men) have been nstraed as they have experienced legal, social and cultural barriers to planned pennt fatherhood (Murphy, 2013, Powell et al., 2010, Smietana, 2017, Wton, 1991). This impediment n be tied to the ways which cultural unrstandgs of genr and s unrstood meang child rearg have been upled wh discrimatory practic agast gay men, and enacted and staed by social stutns, cludg medice and social servic (Appleby et al., 2012, Bergstrom-Lynch, 2015, Berkowz and Marsigl, 2007, Biblarz and Savci, 2010).

TAG: MERCIAL SURROGACY FOR GAY MALE UPL

Although gay men ‘have been livg fay and k arrangements that clu children for as long as there have been gay men’, the rtrictns agast the open formatn of their fai did not beg to shift until the 1980s, at the same time as velopments assisted reproductive technology (ART) began to make the open formatn of exclive geic gay fatherhood possible (Goodfellow, 2015: 2). Sce the 1980s, more gay men have been choosg to openly create fai and experiencg creased social and legal support their pursus (Bergman et al., 2010, Goldberg et al., 2014, Lew, 2009).

Market recment for wealthy fertily clients tersects wh racial stratifitn, to the excln of women of lour – pecially workg class and poor women of lour – although empiril evince pots to creased rat of fertily among this populatn (Briggs, 2017, Greil et al., 2011, Kg and Harrgton Meyer, 1997, Luna and Ler, 2015, Roberts, 1997) this paper, I shift the lens to gay men, askg how genr and sexualy tersect wh market recment. Existg rearch pots to screeng agast lbian or gay-intified patients reproductive clic settgs (Berkowz, 2012, Berkowz and Marsigl, 2007, Dempsey, 2013, Greenfeld, 2007, Greenfeld, 2015, Greenfeld and Seli, 2011, Gurmank et al., 2005, Johnson, 2012).

The potential for such discrimatory practic towards the lbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer/qutng and others (LGBTQ +) muny has been regnized as an issue by the Ethics Commtee of the Amerin Society for Reproductive Medice (ASRM) (2013: 1524) as intifi ‘nial of accs to fertily servic on the basis of maral stat or sexual orientatn’ as problematic the field. In this paper, I analyse natnal data on the recment of gay men as surrogacy clients orr to add to the growg dialogue on the stratifitn of ART and the ways which genr, sexualy and social class shape the fertily dtry. Murphy (2013: 1112) poss, however, that webs are not only primary sourc of rmatn on programm for many people, but are particularly important for gay men as they ‘spire potential ers by nstctg a particular image of surrogacy that affirms the aspiratns of gay men to bee parents’.

A LIMED MARKET: THE RECMENT OF GAY MEN AS SURROGACY CLIENTS BY THE FERTILY DTRY THE USA

Gay men's procreative nscns is enuraged, other words, by seeg imag and readg text supportive of gay fatherhood on clic and agency rearch on clic webs, however, has found a lack of nsistent rmatn and support for gays and lbians. (2017) found that only slightly more than half of the clic webs they surveyed ntaed LGBT ntent, wh larger clic size and geographic lotn as predictive this paper, I provi a bed ntent analysis of clic webs and surrogacy webs, which, to my knowledge, has not been published prevly, orr to ga a broar unrstandg of the landspe faced by gay men pursug surrogacy. My goal wh this analysis is not to terme fively whether or not a particular clic or agency servic gay men, but rather if the clic or agency prents self on s webse as actively welg and recg gay men.

The foc on men was important my rearch as I found the differentiatn between gay men and the LGBTQ + muny (cludg lbians, bisexual women and transsexuals wh female reproductive ans) to be an important distctn. I surveyed the remag 444 webs, lookg specifilly for culturally telligible ins (such as the rabow flag), imag (such as two men wh a child5) and specific language (such as ‘same-sex fai’) ditg the acceptance of gay men at each clic and agency. I rerd the prence of specific language that dited (or uld be terpreted to dite), as I expla below, that gay men would not be wele the clic or addn to surveyg clic webs, I also analysed the webs of 103 surrogacy agenci the USA.

CALIFORNIA MOV TO PROVI SURROGAT TO GAY MALE UPL THE NAME OF 'FERTILY EQUALY'

The publilly available rmatn on clic and agency webs was analysed for s prentatn of surrogacy, specifilly the termology and imag ed, pecially that referrg to tend parents and the scribed procs, for s clivy or exclivy of gay men. The s are void of imag (such as two men and a baby), ins (such as the rabow flag) or text (such as ‘LGBT fay buildg’ or ‘gay upl’) – eher implic or direct – that wele gay men as patients.

The clud rabow ins, pictur of two men and a child, text scribg their servic for gay men, ttimonials om gay upl, or a visible lk, such as ‘same sex parentg’ or ‘gay fay buildg’, that led to a scriptn of servic for gay men. Most of the webs gave the imprsn that heterosexual upl were the primary clients (due to the amount of text and imag about them), wh gay men as a small specialized subset of their practice. Therefore, although they provid servic for gay men, the clics did not appear to be actively recg were 20 clic webs I characterize as ambiguo when me to the recment of gay men as clients.

HOW DO SURROGACY WORK FOR GAY COUPL?

So, while the clics appeared to be lbian-iendly, there were no scriptns, imag or text about surrogacy or egg donatn servic cludg gay men as potential majory of US fertily clics (62%) do not appear to be welg or recg gay men. The majory (44/60) of the gay-iendly surrogacy agenci featured their support for gay male clients directly on their homepage, th appearg to be actively recg the men as potential ctomers.

Forty-three surrogacy webs gave no ditn that they worked wh gay men, but rather, through the text and imag ed, foced exclively on recg women and heterosexual summary, as n be seen Fig.

GAY SURROGACY- 7 TIPS FOR GAY COUPL SURROGACY

Recment of gay men as surrogacy clients via clic and agency geography of surrogacyWhen surveyg fertily clics and surrogacy webs by state, beme obv that fertily servic ( general) the USA clter geographilly. The 15 remag stat have between two and ne fertily clics and surrogacy agenci providg servic to any client clter geographilly, the geographic ncentratn of service provirs for gay men is even more pronounced. The ncentratn of reproductive servic California, New York/New Jersey and Texas ntrasts wh the suatn many stat the untry where there is a arth of any clics or agenci, and even fewer that appear to service gay men.

GAY SURROGACY COST EXPLAED WH BREAKDOWNS

My work jos existg rearch to pot to potential screeng agast gay-intified patients clic settgs (Berkowz, 2012, Berkowz and Marsigl, 2007, Dempsey, 2013, Greenfeld, 2007, Greenfeld, 2015, Greenfeld and Seli, 2011, Gurmank et al., 2005, Johnson, 2012).

Text recg ‘same-sex upl’ but only cludg rmatn on servic for lbians) while 273 only reced women and heterosexual ntrast between seemgly unsupportive clics and agenci and those appearg to actively rec gay men as clients is stark.

The imag and text ed on the non-gay-iendly webs, which prise 62% of the clics and 42% of the agenci the natn, give the imprsn that the clics and agenci are oriented solely towards providg servic for women and their male limed surrogacy market for gay men is further pound by the geographic clterg of reproductive servic. The geographic differenc clic and agency support for surrogacy ( general) and gay surrogacy (specifilly) reflect the polics of different regns the natn as seen state legislatn or se law. The proximy of New Jersey (wh seven surrogacy agenci that advertise for gay men) and Maryland (wh four agenci), however, enabl gay men to e New York-based fertily clics and surrogacy agenci neighbourg stat.