Genr intifitn and attus toward gay people: Genr and sexualy differenc and siari | SprgerLk

Contents:

• GENR ROL THE RELATNSHIPS OF LBIANS AND GAY MEN
• HETERONORMATIVY THE LIV OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER YOUNG PEOPLE
• IT’S A MAN’S WORLD: A QUALATIVE STUDY OF GENR AND SEXUALY AMONGST ATRALIAN GAY MEN
• GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI

GENR ROL THE RELATNSHIPS OF LBIANS AND GAY MEN

Keywords: gay, lbian, bisexual, transgenr, genr, tersectnaly, sexualy, youth/emergg adulthoodHeteronormativy is fed as the prumptn and privilegg of genr nformy, heterosexualy, and nuclear fai over all other “viant” forms of genr exprsn, sexualy, and fai (Oswald, Kuvalanka, Blume, & Berkowz, 2009). In the current study, we e the guidg ameworks of queer and tersectnal theori to exame how lbian, gay, bisexual, and queer young adults discs heteronormativy their life history narrativ to better unrstand how they scribe, unrme, and/or rerce heteronormativy.

For example, this procs occurs when youth assert social posns of masculy and heterosexualy by engagg homophobic sexual harassment of genr nonnformg youth, regardls of whether or not the youth actually intify as gay (Hequembourg & Brallier, 2009; Marto, 2000; Pase, 2011; Way, 2011) fay theorists have broaned the e of queer ameworks to exame and crique how societal disurse creat, privileg, and stigmatiz particular fay stctur to further mata the social posns of masculy and heterosexualy (Allen & Menz, 2018; Oswald et al., 2009). Queer embodiment of heteronormativy has created a polics of “homonormativy” that privileg same-genr attracted people who appear heteronormative, highlightg same-genr upl who are genr nformg, monogamo, and fay-oriented (Allen & Menz, 2018; Duggan, 2002). Sexual mory youth also value marriage (Sav-Williams, 2011) and expect to raise children (D’Augelli, Renda, Grossman, & Sclair, 2007), valu nsistent wh homonormativy; however, whether sexual mory young adults n or want to meet the expectatns n pend on other important inti.

HETERONORMATIVY THE LIV OF LBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND QUEER YOUNG PEOPLE

Combg sampl of lbian, gay, and bisexual young adults whout examg distctns between and wh the groups ignor the important role that genr and heterosexualy norms play the liv of people at the margs, namely people of lor, transgenr people, bisexual people, and cisgenr women (Few-Demo, Humble, Curran, & Lloyd, 2016; hooks, 2000). Demographic Informatn of Interview ParticipantsAgeAssigned Sex at BirthGenrSexual IntyRace/EthnicyVirgia24FemaleWomanBisexualBlackLeonardo21MaleGenrqueerGayMexinSierra21FemaleWomanBisexualChinaEstrella20FemaleWomanBisexualMultiracial LataKayla18FemaleWomanPansexualWheDaniel23MaleManGayLato Whe MultiracialLus23MaleManQueer/GayLato Native AmerinAutumn18FemaleGenrqueerPansexualWheGraham22MaleQueerGayNative AmerinSofia22FemaleWomanLbianLata WheAspen19FemaleQueerGayWhe MexinMateo23MaleMaleHomosexualLato WheProcreInterviews took place quiet areas nvenient to participants, cludg mp offic, public parks near their hom, and ffee shops. (Virgia)Genr exprsn ()validatg sexual inty8Genr nonnformy signaled nonheterosexualy and genr nformy signaled heterosexualyMen and participants assigned male at birth4Femy was such a clear signal of gay inty that many did not need to e out; but sometim distanced themselv and their genr and sexual inti om femyI wasn’t a very mascule boy so no one said anythg, no one told my mom anythg, no one told my dad anythg [about beg gay].

(Estrella)Negotiatg genred fay formatn6Discsed fay formatn tradnal ways; few nversatns about marriageMen and participants assigned male at birth3Fatherhood is unattaable for gay men; this would be the biggt disappotment for parents which ma disclosure difficult[My mom] was like, “I don’t know why you didn’t tell me sooner, I feel bad, what did I do that ma you thk that you uldn’t e to me sooner? Participants scribed this genr nonnformy as prent nearly om birth; for example, Leonardo, who intified as Mexin, gay, and genrqueer, unrstood om an early age that, pared to his peers, his behavrs and appearance were genr nonnformg: “I know that I’ve known that I wasn’t like boys. ”“I Thk She Knew that I Was Gay”: Genr Exprsn (In)Validatg Sexual IntyFor many participants, was impossible to separate or unrstand their genr exprsn, particularly exprsns of femy, om their sexual inti; further, participant scriptns of this overlap tersected wh genr and sexual inti.

” Leonardo’s grandmother clearly dited that the domtic behavrs are feme and th he, as a man, uld be signated by others as gay for dog genr differenc emerged, however, how participants experienced the tersectn between genr exprsn and sexual inty. Cisgenr men and participants assigned male at birth directly nnected genr nonnformg behavr, particularly femy, to gay or queer inti such that they did not feel they need to disclose their sexual inty to fay members bee their femy ma their sexual inty clear.

IT’S A MAN’S WORLD: A QUALATIVE STUDY OF GENR AND SEXUALY AMONGST ATRALIAN GAY MEN

” The unrlyg assumptn is that some gree of genr nonnformy is socially acceptable if one intifi as a gay man, and that intifyg as female or transgenr would be too transgrsive; th, male inti are privileged even the ntext of feme genr cisgenr men and participants assigned male at birth the sample scribed how their genr nonnformy nfirmed their sexual inty, genr nformg cisgenr women, stggled to have others regnize their sexual inti. ” Lus, a queer/gay Lato Native Amerin man and an only child que close to his supportive mother and grandmother, said, “The only thg that I was aaid of once I started realizg my sexualy was that [my mother] would be disappoted that I wouldn’t have kids.

We found that genr and sexual inty were extribly lked unr heteronormativy our sample such that genr nonnformy among men signified gay inti even om early childhood, and women, pecially genr nformg women, often stggled to be visibly read as queer. This fdg om our sample expands on rearch that shows that genr nonnformy serv as a proxy for sexual inty for all genrs, but small viatns om masculy among men dit nonheterosexualy whereas women mt monstrate much more dramatic genr nonnformy to be seen as nonheterosexual (Mize & Manago, 2018; Nielsen et al., 2000) our tersectnal examatn of this theme, we found that Latx young adults often suated their narrativ of heteronormativy experienc of homophobia or machismo wh their muni. This mon belief that hegemonic masculy and homophobia is more prevalent muni of lor than Whe muni is not supported by empiril evince (Lewis, 2003), pecially after acuntg for religsy, church attendance, and socenomic stat (Negy & Eisenman, 2005).

GENR INTIFITN AND ATTUS TOWARD GAY PEOPLE: GENR AND SEXUALY DIFFERENC AND SIARI

This stereotype that muni of lor are more homophobic and are more likely to enforce hegemonic masculy, bed wh the visibily of Whe lonialism’s direct role enforcg the norms the muni, may lead young adults of lor to scribe their racial and ethnic muni as sourc of heteronormative expectatns ways that Whe young adults do not.

Although Latx participants may ternalize the ia that their muni are more homophobic and more likely to enforce hegemonic masculy norms, our study suggts that disurs of machismo provi a amework to discs and nont the norms ways that other young adults (i. In addn, when cisgenr women and men experience sexual fluidy, people engage heteronormative disurse that scrib them as heterosexual and gay, rpectively, to rerce heterosexualy and genr nformy (specifilly masculy; Callis, 2009; Eisner, 2013). That is, sexualy should always be oriented towards cisgenr men, which is reflected how participants assigned male at birth the current study foced on their attractn to mascule men while participants assigned female at birth, even those who intified as gay or lbian, were often open to or engaged relatnships wh heteronormativy, “te” fai are nsired those that are tied by blood relatns; specifilly, children born om two blogil parents (Oswald et al., 2009).

The narrativ of participants assigned male at birth the current study are nsistent wh rearch showg that many gay men rema dnted by legal, social, and fancial barriers the path to parenthood spe changg norms and availabily to create fai (Berkowz, 2007; Goldberg, 2012). Individual differenc perceived burn among lbian, gay, and bisexual youth has been shown to be associated wh suici and suicidal iatn (Baams et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2015); although we did not fd lks between perceived burn and heteronormativy the terviews, there may be differenc the life history narrativ of young adults who do not report high levels of perceived burn. Internalized homonegativy has been noted to relate to prsn, poor wellbeg, sexual discrimatn, shame, body dissatisfactn, eatg disorrs, and suicidal iatn, and rults more extreme and unbearable stat of md men than women [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17].